From TED Talks To Taco Bell, Abuzz With Silicon Valley-Style 'Disruption'

April 27, 2015

Guest: Pokey LaFarge

TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. The first time I heard my guest Pokey LaFarge sing, it was on the soundtrack of the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire," an album on which contemporary performers do songs from the '20s and '30s, the era the series was set in. LaFarge's version of the Hank Williams classic "Lovesick Blues" caught my ear.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LOVESICK BLUES")

POKEY LAFARGE: (Singing) I'm in love. I'm in love with a beautiful gal. That's what's the matter with me. I'm in love. I'm in love with a beautiful gal. She don't care about me.

GROSS: Well, after hearing that, I got some of Pokey LaFarge's albums, and I like those too. His albums include a few old songs, but mostly, he does original songs inspired by early blues, country and western swing. Jack White is a fan and produced a Pokey LaFarge recording and had LaFarge open for him on a 2013 tour. I figured I'd invite Pokey LaFarge on our show the next time he had a new album, and that time has just arrived. The new album, his seventh, is called "Something In The Water." He's currently on tour. Last week, when he was in Nashville, he went to a studio so we could record an interview. He also brought his guitar so he could perform a few original songs for us as well as a few old ones that influenced him. But before we hear him perform solo, let's hear him with his band on the new album. This is an example of one of his songs that's rooted in the Midwest, where his family has lived for generations. It's called "Knockin' The Dust Off The Rust Belt Tonight."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "KNOCKIN' THE DUST OFF THE RUST BELT TONIGHT")

LAFARGE: (Singing) Well, the lights are on. It's time to go - got to hit the stage for another show - knockin' the dust off the rust belt tonight. I started out all by myself, but I'm lucky now that I've found some help to knock the dust off the rust belt tonight. Have you seen what's happening around here? If you ask most people, they don't care. But now is the time we have to do things right, so we're knockin' the dust off the rust belt tonight. From the C-H-I to the S-T-L, I was born to raise a ruckus and do it well.

GROSS: That's Pokey LaFarge from his new album, "Something In The Water." Pokey, welcome to FRESH AIR. It is such a pleasure to have you, and thank you so much for bringing your guitar with you. So the song that you just did, "Knockin' The Dust Off The Rust Belt Tonight" - do you think of yourself as being from the Rust Belt Midwest chapter?

LAFARGE: Yeah, definitely. We are from St. Louis, Mo. I grew up in between St. Louis and Chicago, spent most of my time in Chicago, you know, so right in between two of the major Rust Belt cities, so absolutely. It is - there's a point of pride to a certain extent.

GROSS: I want to ask you to perform a song for us. And this is an original song called "Close The Door," and it's about unaffordable medical bills after three weeks in the hospital. I hope this isn't from personal experience.

LAFARGE: Oh, thankfully no, but I'm sure that there's many people out there that, unfortunately, could relate.

GROSS: So this is Pokey LaFarge singing an original song called "Close The Door."

LAFARGE: (Singing) Oh, close the door. Close the door. Don't let that doctor come in. Close the door. Lock it tight because I've got no money for that doctor tonight. Three weeks I spent in the hospital left me with a stack of bills sky high. I'll never be able to pay them, I know. That's why I wish I would've stayed there and died. Tell me why. Yes, tell me why we must pay for the things that we need. Well, the doctor, he gets richer off me each day, and I barely have enough money to eat. That's why I'll never go to a doctor anymore, no matter how sick I get. No doctor will ever get my dough - why? - 'cause I work too damn hard for that.

GROSS: Yeah, that's great. Thank you.

(LAUGHTER)

LAFARGE: You're welcome.

GROSS: That's Pokey LaFarge performing for us. And he has a new album which is called "Something In The Water." So your music is so influenced by music of the '20s and '30s. How were you first exposed to that?

LAFARGE: Well, it was sort of coming to a fork in the road. And like Yogi Berra says, when you see a fork in the road, take it. I just kept following the signs. I certainly was being exposed to a lot of the same music that any kid would be exposed to at the time there in grade school, junior high, respectively.

GROSS: And what was that for you? What were the hits of the time?

LAFARGE: You know, the same old - yeah. I mean, this is, like, mid-'90s, so you know, like, Snoop Dogg and Ice Cube and all different kinds of stuff. And I love that stuff, but as I started to really get interested in my own creativity - and I got to hear some early blues around 13 - you know, the real old blues and the acoustic stuff - just a guy and a guitar, you know, seemingly crying with his guitar and the voice and the guitar becoming one - that was the real big - that was the sign. OK. Yeah. This is real music. And so then (imitating gunshot) from there and in all different directions.

GROSS: Can you play a few bars of a song like that - an early blues song that really got you going?

LAFARGE: I'd love to. And this is a song by a guy from Indianapolis named Leroy Carr which is called "In The Evening."

(Singing) In the evening, in the evening, baby, when the sun go down, late in the evening, mama, yes, when the sun go down, he's lonesome. He's so lonesome when your love not around when the sun go down.

GROSS: That's great. You've got this kind of trill in your voice sometimes that I really like a lot. And very few people sing that way anymore. And I was wondering if that was something you had to work on or if you found that you naturally had that in your voice.

LAFARGE: Well, you know, there's a way that, in traditional jazz and New Orleans jazz with clarinetist, they would have to have this - they came up with this really whiny, you know, tremolo - vibrato-type style, and it's not...

GROSS: Yeah, like Sidney Bechet.

LAFARGE: Yeah, was, like, my favorite soloist of all time. I cry when I hear his playing, sort of like Sean Penn's character in "Sweet And Lowdown," you know, when he hears Django Reinhardt (laughter).

GROSS: Yeah, yeah.

LAFARGE: But they had to come up with this vibrato to compensate for the poor quality of the clarinet, you know, just, like, literally warping in the humidity there in New Orleans. And I think - I don't know. Maybe it's the same thing with my voice. I'm compensating for notes that I can't hit cleanly. I'm certainly not a trained singer. I'm just kind of following a feeling. I don't know.

GROSS: Oh, I don't see it - I don't hear it as compensatory. I hear it as...

LAFARGE: (Laughter).

GROSS: ...As being - in keeping with the period that inspired you when, I think, a lot of singers had that kind of vibrato or tremolo or almost trill.

LAFARGE: Maybe so.

GROSS: Yeah.

LAFARGE: But you know, there's been some great singers even throughout - I mean, throughout the rock 'n' roll era and into now that are singing that way. I mean, I even - I mean, like, even Tom Jones or, like, Morrissey, you know - they throw in this really cool vibrato. They just do it a little tighter, almost more like a, you know, a classical - more classical type way. Yeah, I guess - hopefully, I'm maybe just saying there's more of a difference, but I don't know if vibrato's certainly a thing. Maybe you're saying the trill is more specific. And I think that it is definitely a big part of that - an influence from old singers, for sure.

GROSS: So you're a fan of Tom Jones? You like "Delilah?"

(LAUGHTER)

LAFARGE: Yeah. What? I love that song.

GROSS: Me too (laughter).

LAFARGE: Are you kidding me? If that tune comes on, I will definitely be fist pumping.

GROSS: It's so big (laughter).

LAFARGE: Oh.

GROSS: It's so desperate (laughter), yes.

LAFARGE: I'm a sucker for epic pieces like that. I would.

GROSS: Did you sing songs like that?

LAFARGE: You know...

GROSS: I can't - it's, like, hard for me to imagine you doing that.

LAFARGE: I mean, I have a - I could play a tune that's sort of epic. I mean, if you listen to it on the record, it's more epic, but I could play a tune - a little bit of a tune that I wrote that's kind of epic.

GROSS: Yeah, yeah. Let's go, yeah.

LAFARGE: (Singing) Last night, I dreamt you were a glass of Rioja wine we drank on the first night we met. You had to cross my tongue, trace through my veins. You could have gone with me on the morning I left. Oh, la meva maca senorita, you danced the sardana, bare feet on the floor. And when you get tired, lay your head on my chest. Please hear my song. Don't you cry anymore. Oh, my heart is a bird that sings while you're gone the loneliest song that you've ever heard. Goodbye, Barcelona - so glad I've been shown you. I'm going. I'm leaving the land of the sun for the far north where I don't want to go, where the rain, it stops for no one. Yes, but I'm bringing a bottle of rum.

GROSS: Really nice - and that's a song called "Goodbye Barcelona" that Pokey LaFarge wrote, and it's featured on his new album which is called Pokey LaFarge, "Something In The Water." And that's Pokey playing in the studio for us. That sounded terrific - really nice song.

LAFARGE: Thank you.

GROSS: I think this would be a great time to take a short break, and then we'll talk some more and hear more of your music. And my guest is Pokey LaFarge. He has a new album which is called "Something In The Water." So we'll take a short break, then we'll be back. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. And if you're just joining us, my guest is singer and songwriter Pokey LaFarge. He has a new album called "Something In The Water."

So we were talking about how you were influenced by music of the '20s and '30s and probably I'll throw in the '40s in there, too. It's not like you stopped listening to music after that. I mean, (laughter) other periods have influenced you as well.

LAFARGE: That would be foolish.

GROSS: That would be foolish. But going back to the earlier style, was there - were there people in your family who had that kind of music in their record collection or who played that kind of music? Like, I think you had a grandfather who played banjo in a banjo club in St. Louis?

LAFARGE: I did. Yeah, my mom's stepfather, and he's also the guy who bought me my first guitar. He gave me his old banjo from 1900, his tenor. It was a plectrum banjo that he played in said banjo club. But my dad's dad was a sort of an amateur historian, a World War II veteran, was always, you know, playing me Westerns and World War II documentaries. And I think I saw "Glory" when I was, like, 5, and I was like, this is the greatest movie ever. This is so interesting, yada yada (ph). My mom's dad, you know, both of - seems like they were all carpenters and just men's men that could fix anything and - Civil War reenactments and different things like that. So I don't know. It just seemed like history was very present in my family.

GROSS: And did you ever get into, like, racial insecurity? Like, I'm a white person, can - is it unauthentic if I sing this material?

LAFARGE: Oh, sure, absolutely. But at the same time, you know, I - you know, country, blues, rock 'n' roll, these sort of - these are things that anybody can sing - male, female, person of color. Whatever it may be, from wherever you are in the world, you can sing this. At the same time, it is important to give credit where credit is due and remember that the people that, you know, sometimes, you know, gave their lives for this music.

But, you know, there's the blues, but then again, if you wanted to use a genre that's singing the blues - the white man's blues, if you will - that's country music. I mean, that's why I think Jimmie Rodgers was such an important thing for me. Jimmie Rodgers was sort of the bridge to a lot of things. And also, the - he led people down all these different kinds of roads. I mean, he was singing blues. He was singing jazz. He had some of the first, you know, recordings with - of a white guy and a black guy in country music, you know, performing with Louis Armstrong in country music in 1931. So he was the father of country music. And to me, it was like, this is the guy. And before him, there wasn't - you know, there was like before Jimmie Rodgers, and there was after Jimmie Rodgers. And so guys like that, I would always strive - I've always wanted to emulate somebody who was genre-less, someone who invented their own things. And I use that as a big influence.

GROSS: Would you sing a Jimmie Rodgers song that influenced you a lot when you started listening to him?

LAFARGE: Sure, I can do that...

GROSS: And are you going to yodel? (Laughter).

LAFARGE: We'll see if my voice can do that. I don't know. I'll see how high I can get. OK. Let's see.

(Singing) For years and years, I've rambled, drank my wine and gambled. But then one day, I thought I'd settle down. I met a perfect lady. She said she'd be my baby, so we built a cottage in the old hometown. Oh, but I can't seem to forget them good old rambling days. The railroad trains keep calling me away. Yes, I may be rough. I may be wild. I may be tough and considered vile. But I can't give up my good old rough and rowdy way, well, my good ol' rough and rowdy way.

GROSS: Very nice. And you did some yodeling in there (laughter).

LAFARGE: There was a little touch in there for you (laughter).

GROSS: A little touch of that (laughter).

That's my guest, Pokey LaFarge, performing a song by Jimmie Rodgers, who is somebody who influenced Pokey LaFarge.

So you've been influenced by a lot of people who sang songs about traveling, about being on the road, about being on trains. I can't remember whether you dropped out of high school or graduated high school first, but then you kind of hitchhiked cross-country. And as much as you feel rooted now in the Midwest and have songs about the Midwest and continue to live in the Midwest, as soon as you could, you took off (laughter). Why did you want to leave so young, so badly?

LAFARGE: Well, I probably wouldn't have songs about the Midwest, I wouldn't feel - I guess, the responsibility of being a representative of where I'm from if I had not left and started traveling the day I graduated high school.

You know, you have to sometimes get out of that place that you grew up or a bad place in your - maybe it's a relationship or a job or school or whatever it is. Sometimes you just got kind of rip the Band-Aid off and go. And that's something you don't - a long, winding road, literally and figuratively, and ultimately back home with the opportunity to again live in the Midwest - and then all the travel since then.

So I've lived back in St. Louis for seven years. With the experiences that I've had around the world as a comparison to where it is that I'm from and where I continue to live, you know, how different things are and really how similar things are, you learn. You learn a lot, and you realize you don't know anything at the same time.

GROSS: My guest is Pokey LaFarge. He has a new album called "Something In The Water." After a break, we'll hear him sing more and whistle. A little later, Ken Tucker will review the new album by Alabama Shakes, and linguist Geoff Nunberg will consider how the word disrupt became part of tech and corporate jargon. That's after a short break. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross, back with singer and songwriter Pokey LaFarge. He has a new album called "Something In The Water." His music is influenced by early blues, country and western swing. He brought his guitar to the studio to perform original songs and some songs that influenced him.

We've been talking about some of the people who influenced you and some of the styles that influenced you. And one of those people is Bob Wills, one of the fathers of Western swing - of combining country music and jazz and getting something kind of new out of that. So what impact did it have on you when you first heard his band?

LAFARGE: Sort of the same feeling I get - I put that in the same bin as Jimmie Rodgers, you know, to where it was genre-less. I mean, it wasn't called Western swing, I don't think, until the mid-'40s, although they were recording by the early mid-'30s. So again, they're playing just what they would call, you know, hillbilly music or country music and other various things, not Western swing. It's kind of interesting, you know, people like to draw lines in the sand. I prefer to blur those lines, and I think that Western swing does that remarkably.

GROSS: There's a Bob Wills song that you play on one of your earlier albums called "The Devil Ain't Lazy." I was wondering if you could do a little bit of that for us.

LAFARGE: Sure. I will let the Western swing peers know that I switch this over into a minor key. This was a song written by Fred Rose, you know - wrote some songs for Hank Williams and stuff like that. But yeah, wrote this tune for Bob Wills. Here we go.

(Singing) Well, the devil ain't lazy, no siree. The devil ain't lazy, no siree. He likes to see us fight and fuss, makes us mean enough to cuss, then he blames it all on us - man, 24 hours a day. He travels like a lightning streak, and he strikes from town to town. If he gets you when you're weak, he'll tear your playhouse down, down, down. The devil ain't lazy, no siree. The devil ain't lazy, no siree. When you think you're strong and brave, smart enough to not behave, you got one foot in the grave, man, 24 hours a day, 24 hours a day, 24 hours a day. Yes, he works 24 hours a day.

GROSS: And that's Pokey LaFarge performing for us a song that Bob Wills recorded, "The Devil Ain't Lazy," that Pokey does on an earlier album. His new album is called "Something In The Water." Did the devil mean much to you when you were growing up? Did you come from a church family?

LAFARGE: Yeah, I was raised Catholic and all that good stuff. When you grow up, the devil is, like, you know, a guy in red spandex and horns. You know, I mean...

GROSS: (Laughter).

LAFARGE: He's the guy you see on Halloween. He's not the guy you see on a daily basis. You know, I think I've probably seen the devil in things more literally these days or as I've gotten older. But, you know, I think a good amount of the devil in your life is healthy.

GROSS: I'd like you to do another song for us, and this is a song that you wrote and you perform on your new album "Something In The Water." It's called "I Wanna Be Your Man." Maybe you could tell us a little bit about writing this?

LAFARGE: Well, "Wanna Be Your Man" is one of those tunes where you just kind of write it, and it happens. Boom, it's done, you know? Other songs, you write bits and pieces of, and you're kind of wondering where the song can go, wondering where the hook is at. But with this one, you know, in respects to even the first verse - something's wrong honey, this I know. Never seen me this way before. Hey baby, I wanna be your man. And even right then, I was like wanna be your man, that's the hook. So just wrote it from there and even automatically the tempo - (imitating tempo) - just like that. And I was like, man, that will sound real good with a tuba. And if you listen to the record, you'll hear it with a tuba - and first song I've ever recorded with a tuba. It just worked out. So let's see if we can do this here - "Wanna Be Your Man."

(Singing) Something's wrong honey, this I know. I've never seen you this way before. Hey baby, I wanna be your man. I can tell you need a friend. Step aside, won't you let me in? Hey baby, who do you think I am? It's late and it's 'bout to pour. Your neighbor's tired of me hanging 'round your door. I'll say one thing and nothing more. I wanna be your man, wanna be your man, wanna be your man, wanna be your man.

That was a little taste there.

GROSS: Yeah. I like that. And I like it with the tuba, too. I like it with the full band. In fact, let's hear a chorus of the song with your whole band from your new album "Something In The Water."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "WANNA BE YOUR MAN")

LAFARGE: (Singing) Something's wrong honey, this I know. I've never seen you this way before. Hey baby, I wanna be your man. I can tell you need a friend. Step aside, won't you let me in? Hey baby, who do you think I am? It's late and it's 'bout to pour. Your neighbor's tired of me hanging 'round your door. I'll say one thing and nothing more. I wanna be your man. Some people don't like me hanging around, but there's no reason for it that I found. Hey baby, please don't look so sad. When you're all alone and you need a hand, let me come into your house and be a handyman. Hey baby, what about the fun we've had? It's late and it's 'bout to pour. Your neighbor's tired of me hanging 'round your door. I'll say one thing and nothing more. I wanna be your man.

GROSS: That's Pokey LaFarge from his new album "Something In The Water."

Tell us a little about your upbringing and your family and your neighborhood.

LAFARGE: Well, you know, I moved around a lot before I graduated - even before I graduated high school. I would actually say that that probably has something to do with why I'm comfortable with traveling so much even now and maybe even why I had no problem leaving everything behind. I grew up playing baseball. That was my thing - baseball. I wanted to be a professional baseball player. That didn't work out. I think my dad even told me - he's like, you're not going to be a professional baseball player. I remember being really mad at him for saying that, but I'm glad he told me that. It was pretty real.

GROSS: Well, did he also tell you you weren't going to be a professional musician?

LAFARGE: (Laughter) He didn't tell me that. I think he just kind of was trying to steer me away from that. But, yeah, he's my biggest supporter - my whole family, my mom, you know, step mom, grandparents. They're all, yeah, biggest supporters now.

GROSS: Did you learn - have to learn how to be uninhibited onstage?

LAFARGE: Oh, yeah, of course. Yeah, especially since I had no - I mean, I was always sort of a ham. I talk a lot. I'm wild. I was always performing growing up, but not on stage. Nothing has come easy for me. It's taken a lot of hard work, a lot of experimentation, a lot of kind of looking inside yourself and saying, hey, man, you know, man up. You know, you've got to leave it all on stage. And I think I finally got to the point where I am confident to just leave it all on stage like I have nothing to lose, and it's been good. I think we're actually, I think, playing the best shows that we've ever played now, finally (laughter).

GROSS: So there's something else about your performing style I want to ask about, and that is that you whistle.

LAFARGE: Yeah, a little bit, you know?

GROSS: That's kind of a lost art.

LAFARGE: (Whistling).

GROSS: There are some great recordings from the 1920s with this great, like, warbly - warbling whistling on it.

LAFARGE: Oh, yeah. Yeah, so good.

GROSS: Yeah. Do you want to do a song with some whistling in it?

LAFARGE: Oh, gosh, OK. Let's see what I can do.

(Singing) Do they miss you?

Let's see.

(Singing) Do they miss you? (Humming). Can you get back in? What if I kissed you? Would you tell me if it would be, would it be a little sin? I'm only human, baby, but you are so divine. I want to know, when did you leave heaven? Oh, little angel of mine. (Whistling).

GROSS: Oh, nice. Thank you for that.

(LAUGHTER)

GROSS: That's Pokey LaFarge, and that's actually a song that he also does on his new album which is called "Something In The Water." And that's an old song, I think, from the 1930s. It's actually from a 1936 movie. And the movie had like Tony Martin, Alice Faye, the Ritz Brothers, Patsy Kelly, who was in a lot of Gene Autry movies.

LAFARGE: Nice. You know your stuff, Terry.

GROSS: And the song - yeah, well, the song was - the melody was written by Richard Whiting who wrote songs like...

LAFARGE: Richard Whiting.

GROSS: ..."On The Good Ship Lollipop" for the Shirley Temple movie.

LAFARGE: "On The Good Ship Lollipop," boom. You've got it.

GROSS: "Ain't We Got Fun," "Hooray For Hollywood," "My Ideal." And it's such a great example of the kind of cross-pollination in American music. Like, how do you know that song - probably not from the movie.

LAFARGE: It was from Big Bill Broonzy.

GROSS: OK. Great, so you know it as a blues song (Laughter).

LAFARGE: Yeah, but also there's a great singer - actually, I first heard it from Thomas Fraser who's this crazy multi-instrumentalist from the Shetland Islands of Scotland who first heard country music when USO Radio was being broadcast and you could pick up the waves over the Atlantic. I recommend anybody checking him out. You want to talk about a yodel and a whistle? This guy is insane.

But I'm a sucker for a good melody, a sweet sort of melancholic tune, like I did in that "Let's Get Lost." And that - I think I write - writing songs from that vein - it definitely has roots in the past, but I mean - you know, you hear that in today's music in different ways, perhaps not so attached to earlier stuff. But, you know, the Beatles were a good representation of that. I think the Beatles really - they could write songs that were sweet and melancholic but definitely rooted in sort of that Tin Pan Alley and early pop tunes.

GROSS: Pokey LaFarge, thank you so much for talking with us and also for performing songs for us. It was such a treat. Thank you.

LAFARGE: It's been an honor. Great talking with you, take care.

GROSS: Pokey LaFarge has a new album called "Something In The Water." After we take a short break, Ken Tucker will review the album - the new album by Alabama Shakes. This is FRESH AIR.

TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. The band Alabama Shakes has a new album - their second - called "Sound & Color." The quartet, led by singer-guitarist Brittany Howard, made a splash with its 2012 debut "Boys & Girls," which was hailed for its mix of contemporary rock with older-blues and R&B stylings. Rock critic Ken Tucker says "Sound & Color" finds Alabama Shakes experimenting with an even wider range of pop music genres.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "DON'T WANNA FIGHT")

BRITTANY HOWARD: (Singing) My life, your life - don't cross them lines. What you like, what I like - why can't we both be right? Attacking, defending until there's nothing left worth winning. Your pride and my pride - don't waste my time. I don't wanna fight no more.

KEN TUCKER, BYLINE: The funky guitar riff followed by the combination of yelling, moaning, wheezing, squeal that emanates from Brittany Howard to kick off the song "Don't Wanna Fight" - that's the essence of Alabama Shakes' sound. It's a sound that reaches back to the blues and '60s Southern soul, as well as a sound that plunges forward into the spoken-word vocals of hip-hop. Alabama Shakes is a quartet set up like a rock band - guitar, bass, drums - but which claims any kind, or era, of music as its own.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "DUNES")

HOWARD: (Singing) Somewhere over the dunes, love, I walk, I wept - enough. I turn the desert into sea, babe. I swam from the terrible dust. I don't know whose problem it is. I don't know whose love to give. I'm losing it.

TUCKER: That's "Dunes," a song that multitracks Brittany Howard's voice, as if she wanted company in her romantic misery. Some of the best music on "Sound & Color" is the most quiet music -the moments when Brittany Howard seems to have transcribed conversations she's had with herself about her state of mind, her moods and fleeting feelings. You can hear this in a vocal that confides in you on the song "This Feeling."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THIS FEELING")

HOWARD: (Singing) See, I've been having me a real good time. And it feels so nice to know I'm gonna be all right. So please don't take my feelings I have found at last. So please don't take my feelings I have found at last. Yeah, if I wanted to, I'd be all right.

TUCKER: Which is not to say that Alabama Shakes doesn't rock out. Having made so much about how much the band prizes intimate sharing, I feel happily obliged to play some of "The Greatest," a kind of new punk rock song about wanting a particular person to love you and just not getting that feeling back in return.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THE GREATEST")

HOWARD: (Singing) Well, I never meant to be the greatest. I only ever want to be your baby. Now you got me in your arms. Don't ever let me go, go anywhere. Should I say stay, stay away? I know you ain't out there tryin' to be my baby. God help us, help us all. Don't ever let me down. You're always doin' that.

TUCKER: For most of its length, "Sound & Color" is a collection of really interesting vocals surrounded by guitar chords and drumbeats that carry you along. Then there are a few very special songs, such as this one called "Shoegaze," in which Howard's vocal and the guitars by Howard and Heath Fogg rise up to create a perfectly crafted piece of music that sounds familiar and exhilarating the first time you hear it or the hundredth time you play it.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "SHOEGAZE")

HOWARD: (Singing) Can't wait for night to come. That's when the fun really begins. My band cools off when that day is done. And then I tuck myself in. It ain't no fun to be lonely. But I was not truly lonely. And I'm beginning to realize it. I can't have everything, everything.

TUCKER: Over the course of "Sound & Color," Alabama Shakes messes with what had already - after its first album - become its signature sound. There are songs here that distort or muffle the vocals, that fracture tempo and wander around the back alleys of improvisation. Because of this, "Sound & Color" isn't a consistent album. But Alabama Shakes does what it needed to do. It's made a second album that opens up new territory and leaves you curious about where the band will go next.

GROSS: Ken Tucker is critic-at-large for Yahoo TV. He reviewed "Sound & Color," the new album from the band Alabama Shakes. Coming up, linguistic Geoff Nunberg considers how the word disrupt became part of tech and corporate jargon. This is FRESH AIR.

TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. The return of the HBO series "Silicon Valley" has our linguist, Geoff Nunberg, thinking about the language techies use, particularly the buzzword disrupt.

GEOFF NUNBERG, BYLINE: HBO's "Silicon Valley" is back with its pitch-perfect renderings of the culture and language of the tech world like the opening of startup competition run by the TechCrunch website at the end of last season.

(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "SILICON VALLEY")

JASON KINCAID: (As himself) People, are you ready? Are you ready for the ultimate tech startup competition? Let me hear it - disrupt.

(WEAK APPLAUSE)

BOBAK BAKHTIARI: (As Immedibug CEO) Hello. My name is Sayid Jibrani (ph). I am the CEO of Immedibug, and we're here to revolutionize the way you report bugs on your mobile platform.

BRANDON HIGA: (As HAPPIN! CEO) HAPPIN! will revolutionize location-based mobile news aggregation as you know it.

EFRAIN GOMEZ: (As Systobase CEO) We're making the world a better place through Paxos algorithms for consensus protocols.

ISAAC CHEUNG: (As BitFlenser CEO) And we're making the world a better place through software-defying data centers for cloud computing.

SHAINU BALA: (As Yoga Master CEO) A better place through canonical data models to communicate between endpoints.

BOBO CHANG: (As Flingual CEO) A better place through scalable, fault-tolerant, distributed databases with ACID transactions.

BALA: (As Yoga Master CEO) And we are truly local, mobile social.

GOMEZ: (As Systobase CEO) And we're completely so-mo-lo.

MATT HOUSTON: (As d-keen CEO) And we're mo-lo-so.

NUNBERG: The show's writers didn't have to exercise their imagination much to come with those little arias of geeky self puffery. Disrupt, for example - that's what the TechCrunch conferences are actually called as is most everything else these days. Disrupt and disruptive are ubiquitous in the names of conferences, websites, business school degree programs, business book bestsellers and companies new and old. The words pop up in more than 500 TED Talks - "How to Avoid Disruption in Business and in Life," "Embracing Disruption," "Disrupting Higher Education," "Disrupt Yourself." Disruptive transcends being a mere buzzword. As the philosopher Jeremy Bentham said two centuries ago, there's a point where jargon becomes a species of the sublime.

To give disruptive it's due, it actually started its life with some meat on its bones. It was popularized in a 1997 book by Clayton Christensen of the Harvard Business School. According to Christensen, the reason why established companies fail isn't that they don't keep up with new technologies but that their business models are disrupted by scrappy bottom-fishing startups who turn out stripped-down versions of existing products at prices the established companies can't afford to match. That's what created an entry point for disruptive innovations like the Model T Ford, Craigslist classifieds, Skype and no-frills airlines. Christensen makes a nice point. Sometimes you can get the world to beat a path to your door by building a crappier mousetrap, too, if you price it right. Some scholars have raised questions about that theory, but it isn't the details of the story that have put disruptive on everyone's lips. It's the word itself.

Buzzwords feed off their emotional resonances, not their ideas. And for pure resonance, disruptive is hard to beat. It's a word with deep roots. I suspect I first encountered it when my parents read me the note that the teacher pinned to my sweater when I was sent home early from kindergarten. Or maybe it reminds you of the unruly kid who was always pushing over the juice table. One way or another, the word evokes obstreperous rowdies, the impatient people who are always breaking stuff. It says something that disrupt is from the Latin for shatter.

Disrupt or be disrupted. The consultants and business book writers have proclaimed that as the chronic condition of the age, and everybody is clambering to be classed among the disruptors rather than the disruptees. The lists of disruptive companies in the business magazines include not just Amazon and Uber, but also Procter & Gamble and General Motors. What company nowadays wouldn't claim to be making waves? It's the same with that phrase, disruptive technologies. That might be robotics or next-generation genomics, sure, but CNBC also touts the disruptive potential of an iPhone case that converts to a videogame joystick. By now, people just use disruptive to mean shaking things up, though unlike my kindergarten teacher, it's always with a note of approval. As those TechCrunch competitors assured us, disruption makes the world a better place.

Taco Bell has created a position called chief disruptor. And not to be outdone, McDonald's is running radio ads describing its milkshake blenders as a disruptive technology. Well, OK, blenders really do shake things up, but by the time a tech buzzword's been embraced by the fast food chains, it's getting a little frayed at the edges. Disruption was never really a new idea in the first place, just a new name for a fact of life as old as capitalism. Seventy years ago, the economist Joseph Schumpeter was calling it the gales of creative destruction, and he just took the idea from Marx.

The wonder is that disruptive is still clinging to life out there. There's a market in language, too, and jargon starts to lose its market share when it's air of novelty fades. Thought leader, change agent and disruption, too - as the words get stale, they're in line to be disrupted themselves by scrappy new buzzwords that can once again convey an illusion of fresh thinking. That's why jargon always has to replenish itself the same way slang does. Though, like slang, it takes a while for the new words to work their way from the cool kids' table to the outskirts of the lunch room. It wouldn't be surprising if some people are still saying disruptive a decade or two from now. After all, there are still people saying far out and wearing those big 1970s eyeglasses, too. The only difference is that slang owns up to being no more than a matter of fashion, while jargon always has to pretend that its something else.

GROSS: Jeff Nunberg is a linguist who teaches at the University of California Berkeley School of Information.

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